Different Types of Foaming Agents (1)

U.S. refiners forecast strong first-quarter earnings as margins on gasoline and diesel sales improved, refining capacity fell sharply and crude supplies tightened due to the Russia-Ukraine war.

Global refining capacity has declined amid the coronavirus pandemic, with several less profitable refineries closing in the past two years. However, global fuel demand has rebounded to near pre-pandemic levels, boosting the profits of facilities still operating.  

Seven U.S. independent refiners are expected to earn 61 cents a share, compared with a loss of $1.32 in the first quarter of 2021, according to Refinitiv's IBES.  

By 2022, gasoline and distillate foaming agent.

Introduction to Foaming Agents

The foaming agent is a kind of material that makes the object matter into pores. It can be divided into chemical foaming agents, physical foaming agents, and surface-active agents.  The chemical foaming agent is a compound which can release gas such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen and form fine pores in polymer composition after decomposition by heating.  The physical foaming agent is the change of the physical form of a certain kind of material through the fine pores of foam, namely through the expansion of compressed gas, liquid volatilization, or solid dissolution and the formation of the compound.

In this article, the physical foaming agents of carbon dioxide foaming agents and hydrochlorofluorocarbon foaming agents will be talked about.

Physical foaming agents

There are many kinds of physical foaming agents, such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide gas, etc. Since the 1950s, CFC-11 has been widely used as the preferred foaming agent of polyurethane. In order to protect the earth's ecological environment, the use of CFCS compounds must be banned because of their destructive effect on the ozone layer. People have been looking for and developing ideal alternative products for many years. In addition to considering the properties of the foaming agent itself, it is generally necessary to adjust and improve the raw materials such as polyether polyol, foaming agent, and catalyst to optimize the formulation system. At present, there are mainly four alternatives to foaming agent CFC11. 

1.    Carbon dioxide foaming agents

There are two kinds of carbon dioxide foaming agents, one is the reaction of isocyanate and water to produce carbon dioxide as foaming agents (water foaming), and the other is liquid carbon dioxide. 

Compared with CFC-11, water foaming has the advantages of zero carbon dioxide ODP (ozone loss value), is non-toxic, safe, has no recycling problems, and no need to invest in foaming equipment. The disadvantage is that the polyol component viscosity is higher in the foaming process, the foaming pressure and the foam temperature are higher, the adhesion of the foam plastic and the base material becomes worse, especially the thermal conductivity of the hard foam product is high. Due to the rapid diffusion of carbon dioxide from the bubble hole and the slow entry of air into the bubble hole, the dimensional stability of foam plastics is affected. Although it can be improved by modification, it is still inferior to the CFC-11 foam material. At present, it is mainly used for heat supply pipeline insulation, packaging foam and agricultural foam, and other fields with low requirements for insulation. Liquid carbon dioxide foaming has the same advantages and disadvantages as water foaming. It is mainly used for polyurethane soft foam at present. For hard foam, it can overcome the disadvantages of water foaming, which increases the consumption of isocyanate, foam brittle, and poor adhesion with the base material. But liquid foam to improve the foaming machine, liquid carbon dioxide storage, and transportation costs increased.

2.    Hydrochlorofluorocarbon foaming agents

Hydrogenated hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) foaming agents contain hydrogen in their molecules, have unstable chemical properties, and are easy to decompose, so their ODP is far less than CFC-11. Therefore, HCFC is regarded as the first generation of CFC foaming agent replacement products, which are used temporarily during the transition period and should be replaced by chlorine-free compounds as soon as possible. The European Union, the United States, and Japan banned the use of HCFC foaming agents at the end of 2004. Currently, the most developed product that can replace CFC-11 commercially is HCFC-14LB, which is soluble in polyols and isocyanates. When replacing CFC-11 with HCFC-14LB, the needed amount of foam in order to get the same level of density and similar physical properties is less than CFC-11. The defects of HCFC-141B lie in the high price of raw materials, the solubility of certain ABS and high-impact polystyrene, and its thermal conductivity is higher than that of CFC-11, so the foam density is higher to achieve the heat insulation effect. Another hydrochlorofluorocarbon product to replace CFC-11 is the 60:40 HCFC-22/HCFC-14LB mixture. This kind of mixture is the most commonly used solvent in industrial production. The production technology is developed and the price is moderate. The disadvantage is that the solubility of the HCFC-22/HCFC-141B system in general polyols is relatively low, and the processing of polyols containing HCFC-22 is relatively difficult. In addition, the ODP value of HCFC-124 is only 1/5 of that of HCFC-141B, allowing longer service life.

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The United States urges the U.N. Security Council to impose additional sanctions on North Korea in response to its latest ballistic missile launch, including a ban on tobacco and oil exports to North Korea and a blacklist of the Lazarus hacking group.  

The United States circulated the draft to the 15 members of the Security Council this week. It was not immediately clear if or when a vote would take place. A resolution requires nine "yes" votes and no vetoes from Russia, China, France, Britain, or the United States.  

Russia and China have already voiced opposition to tightening sanctions in response to Pyongyang's launch of an intercontinental ballistic missile last month -- the first since 2017.  

U.S. and South Korean officials and analysts also say there are growing indications that North Korea may soon conduct its first nuclear weapons test since 2017, too.  

The U.S. -drafted U.N. resolution would expand the ban on ballistic missile launches to include cruise missiles or "any other delivery system capable of delivering a nuclear weapon."  

The deal would halve crude oil exports to North Korea to 2 million barrels a year and refined oil exports to 250,000 barrels a year. The resolution also seeks to ban North Korea's export of "fossil fuels, mineral oils, and their distilled foaming agent are estimated to be influenced by international political situation changes.

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